Aplicabilidade da ozonioterapia na odontologia: uma revisão de literatura / Applicability of ozone therapy in dentistry: a literature review

A Ozonioterapia, método que utiliza a mistura gasosa de ozônio e oxigênio, é uma das Práticas Integrativas aprovadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Atualmente é utilizada na Odontologia devido, principalmente, às suas características estruturais que permitem vastas aplicações. Essa Prática tem como principal objetivo os fins terapêuticos, por meio de propostas cada vez mais efetivas, que corroboram para técnicas e métodos capazes de propiciar tratamentos complementares a fim de curar e prevenir patologias inerentes à cavidade oral, contribuindo para a potencialização de resultados das técnicas já existentes. Em virtude da busca por técnicas complementares, a Ozonioterapia ganhou destaque e tem se mostrado efetiva e segura em diversas práticas odontológicas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, ressaltar as aplicabilidades do Ozônio (O3) na área odontológica, explicitando meios de utilização e suas respectivas ações, bem como, as contraindicações frente às ocorrências que acometem a cavidade oral.

Ozone therapy, a method that uses a gaseous mixture of ozone and oxygen, is one of the Integrative Practices approved by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is currently used in dentistry mainly due to its structural characteristics that allow a wide range of applications. This Practice focuses on therapeutic purposes through increasingly effective proposals that corroborate techniques and methods capable of providing complementary treatments in order to cure and prevent pathologies inherent to the oral cavity, contributing to the potentiation of results from existing techniques. Due to the search for complementary techniques, ozone therapy has gained prominence and has proven to be both effective and safe in several dental practices. This work aims at highlighting the applicability of Ozone (O3) in the dental area through a literature review, explaining means of use and their respective actions, as well as the contraindications to occurrences that affect the oral cavity.

Distribution of the deep-sea genus Bathypterois (Pisces: Ipnopidae) in the Eastern Central Pacific / Distribución del género de profundidad Bathypterois (Pisces: Ipnopidae) en el Pacífico Centro Oriental

Abstract:The genus Bathypterois (tripod fish) comprises 19 species of deep-sea fishes distributed worldwide. The biology and distribution of the species of this genus are relatively poorly known throughout the Eastern Central Pacific (ECP). This work aims to update the geographic and bathymetric distribution of species of Bathypterois throughout the ECP. To describe the influence of depth, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) on latitudinal and depth distribution of members of the genus throughout the Mexican Pacific, 51 specimens of B.atricolor (12 trawls) and 112 of B. ventralis (18 trawls), collected during TALUD project, were analyzed. Bathypterois atricolor had broader environmental niches (depth: 0.47, temperature: 0.46, DO: 0.39), and inhabits deeper and colder sites (Electivity positives: > 1 000 m, < 3.2 °C, 1.0-1.62 mL/L) than B. ventralis, which had narrow environmental niches (depth: 0.34, temperature: 0.32, DO: 0.28), with high affinity to warmer sites and lower DO concentrations (Electivity positives: 778-1 400 m, 3.3-5.8 °C, < 1.0 mL/L). Both species used different environmental strata (niche overlap; depth: 0.34, temperature: 0.32, DO: 0.28). The adaptation of B. atricolor to live in a broad range of DO concentrations explains its almost circumglobal distribution, while B. ventralis lives almost permanently in the Oxygen Minimum Zone (< 0.05 mL/L), so the DO could be a limiting factor, reducing its potential geographic and bathymetric distributions. None of these species had been previously recorded in the central Gulf of California, and B. ventralis had not been recorded along the West coast of Baja California. This study confirms that both species have a continuous distribution within the ECP, our new records extended the known northernmost range for B. atricolor by 886 km (from 22°46' N to 30°45' N) and for B. ventralis by 645 km (from 21°18' N to 27°07' N). Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 89-101. Epub 2017 March 01.

ResumenEl género Bathypterois (peces trípode) está conformado por 19 especies de peces de profundidad, distribuidas alrededor del mundo. La biología y distribución de las especies de este género son relativamente poco conocidas a lo largo del Pacífico Centro Oriental (POT). Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de actualizar la distribución geográfica y batimétrica de las especies del género Bathypterois a lo largo del POT. Para describir la influencia de la profundidad, temperatura y concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto (OD) sobre la distribución latitudinal y batimétrica de miembros del género Bathypterois en el Pacífico Mexicano, se analizaron 51 especímenes de B.atricolor (12 arrastres) y 112 B. ventralis (18 arrastres), recolectados durante el proyecto TALUD. Bathypterois atricolor presentó nichos ambientales más amplios (profundidad: 0.47, temperatura: 0.46, OD: 0.39) y habita sitios más profundos y fríos (Electividad positiva: > 1 000 m, < 3.2 °C, 1.0 - 1.62 mL/L) en comparación con B. ventralis, que tiene nichos ambientales reducidos (profundidad: 0.34, temperatura: 0.32, OD: 0.28), con alta afinidad por sitios más cálidos y bajas concentraciones de OD (Electividad positiva: 778-1 400 m, 3.3-5.8 °C, < 1.0 mL/L). Estas especies utilizaron distintos estratos ambientales (traslape de nicho; profundidad: 0.34, temperatura: 0.32, OD: 0.28). La adaptación de B. atricolor para vivir en un amplio intervalo de concentraciones de OD explica su distribución casi circunglobal, mientras que B. ventralis vive casi permanentemente en la Zona de Mínimo Oxígeno (< 0.05 mL/L), por lo que el OD puede ser un factor limitante, reduciendo su posible distribución geográfica y batimétrica. Ninguna de estas especies había sido registrada anteriormente en el centro del Golfo de California, así como B. ventralis no había sido reportada a lo largo de la costa occidental de Baja California. Este estudio confirma que ambas especies tienen una distribución continua dentro del POT, nuestros nuevos registros extienden la distribución más norteña conocida para B. atricolor en 886 km (de 22°46' N a 30°45' N) y en 645 km para B. ventralis (de 21°18' N a 27°07' N).

Distribución y abundancia espacial y temporal de Stomolophus meleagris (Rhizostomae: Stomolophidae) en un sistema lagunar del sur del Golfo de México / Spatial and temporal abundance and distribution of Stomolophus meleagris (Rhizostomae: Stomolophidae) in a lagoon system Southern Gulf of Mexico

ResumenLas escifomedusas se alimentan principalmente de crustáceos microscópicos, huevos y larvas de peces, moluscos y de otras medusas. La distribución y abundancia de la escifomedusa tiene una importancia económica y ecológica ya que son depredadores que influyen en la dinámica poblacional de otras pesquerías. El presente trabajo se realizó de septiembre 2013 hasta agosto 2014 en el sistema lagunar Arrastradero-Redonda, Tabasco, con el objetivo de aportar información sobre la distribución y abundancia espacial y temporal de la escifomedusa Stomolophus meleagris y su relación con los parámetros ambientales. Para su realización se efectuaron recorridos mensuales durante un ciclo anual y se recolectaron muestras biológicas; realizándose tres arrastres en cada una de las estaciones, en una área de 1 km2, con una duración de 5 a 10 min con un chinchorro playero de monofilamento de 20 m de longitud por 3 m de altura y luz de malla de 1.5 cm, con esos datos se realizó el análisis de eficiencia pesquera, (CPUE con Org./Unidad de superficie evaluada) y se determinó la relación con los parámetros ambientales. Se estableció que la mayor abundancia se presentó de la estación 1 a la 3 con 7 a 19 Org/km2 en los meses de abril hasta agosto 2014 y su menor abundancia se observó en las estaciones 6 a 10 con un promedio de 1 Org./km2 desde octubre 2013 a marzo 2014. El análisis de correlación múltiple por pasos indicó que existe una fuerte asociación entre la CPUE y algunas variables ambientales estudiadas, observándose el 70.9 % de la variabilidad de los datos. La salinidad fue la variable más influyente explicando el 64.3 % de la variabilidad, seguida por la temperatura con un 3.6 % mientras el oxígeno disuelto explica solo el 2.9 % de variabilidad, principalmente debido a que en la zona confluyen una serie de factores geológicos, oceanográficos y biológicos favorables para la proliferación de esta especie debido al aporte de agua marina de la barra de Tupilco. Sin embargo falta realizar mayores investigaciones que permita cuantificar este recurso y establecer zonas de explotación comercial y realizar estudios sobre el aspecto biológico, principalmente hábitos reproductivos y alimenticios; que aporten información necesaria para diseñar planes adecuados sobre su posible uso de manera adecuada. Así mismo con los datos obtenidos en el presente trabajo podamos determinar el potencial pesquero de este recurso en el estado de Tabasco.

Abstract:The scyphomedusae feed mainly on microscopic crustaceans, eggs and fish larvae, molluscs and some other jellyfishes. The distribution and abundance of the scyphomedusae has an economic and ecological impact as they are predators that have an influence on the population dynamics of other fisheries. This investigation took place in the lagoon system 'ArrastraderoRedonda', Tabasco, from September 2013 to August 2014, with the purpose to provide information on the distribution, and spatial and temporal abundance of Stomolophus meleagris; along with its relation to environmental parameters. A total of 10 stations were defined and biological samples were taken on a monthly basis during this annual cycle. For this purpose, three pulls with a beach seine monofilament (20 m long by 3 m height, mesh opening 1.5 cm, 5 to 10 minutes) per station were made within a 1 km2 area. Information obtained was used to calculate the fishing efficiency analysis (CPUE con org./Evaluated Area Unit) and to determine the relationship with the environmental parameters. Our results showed that the abundance in the stations 1 to 3 was from 7 to 19 org./km2 from April to August 2014; less organisms were observed in stations 6 to 10 (an average of 1 org./ km2) from October 2013 to March 2014. The multiple correlation steps analysis indicated that there is a strong association between the CPUE and some environmental investigated variables, and a 70.9 % variability of the data was observed. The salinity resulted the most important variable because it determined a 64.3 % of variation; it was followed by the temperature with a 3.6 %; meanwhile, dissolved oxygen explained only the 2.9 %, this was mainly because within the area there are several geological, oceanographic and biological factors that favor the distribution of this species due to seawater contribution through the Tupilco bar. With the provided data with this investigation we were able to determine the fishery potential of this resource for Tabasco state. However, additional research is required to allow an extended quantification of this resource, to determine the commercial exploitation areas, and drive studies about reproductive and feeding habits, that may provide the necessary information to establish plans for sustainable use. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 167-179. Epub 2017 March 01.

Two-year temporal response of benthic macrofauna and sediments to hypoxia in a tropical semi-enclosed bay (Cienfuegos, Cuba) / Respuesta temporal durante dos años de la macrofauna bentónica y sedimentos a la hipoxia en una bahía semi-cerrada tropical (Cienfuegos, Cuba)

AbstractHypoxia is the depletion of dissolved oxygen below 2 mg O2/L. Relatively few studies on hypoxia and its effects on benthic macrofauna have been done in tropical marine ecosystems. This study describes the temporal response of the water column, sediments and macrofauna to seasonal hypoxia in a semi-enclosed bay (Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea). The Calisito site was sampled monthly from June 2010 until February 2012, yielding 21 sampling times. At each sampling event water and sediment samples were collected for measuring the abiotic variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, redox potential discontinuity, silt/clay and organic matter content) and macrofauna (abundance and species richness). Temperature and surface salinity followed a typical temporal pattern during the summer/rainy and the winter/dry periods. Salinity stratification occurred in the rainy period, lasting three months in 2010 and six months in 2011. The bottom water dissolved oxygen indicated hypoxic and anoxic events during the wet periods of 2010 and 2011 associated with salinity stratification, low hydrodynamics and oxidation of the accumulated organic matter. Over the study period, 817 individuals were collected and identified. Polychaetes were the dominant group in terms of abundance (57 % of total) followed by mollusks (41%). Hypoxia (and occasionally anoxia) caused strong deleterious effects on the abundance and species richness of macrofaunal communities in the study site. The most abundant polychaetes were opportunistic species with high tolerance to hypoxic conditions: Prionospio steenstrupi, Polydora sp.and Paraprionospio pinnata. Most of them colonized relatively fast once hypoxia ended. Persistent species such as Caecum pulchellum and Parvanachis obesa were present during hypoxia with fluctuating densities and apparently recover to higher abundances when normoxic conditions are re-established. Macoma tenta and Tellina consobrina colonized approximately 1-2 months later than the first polychaete peak during normoxia. Probably, the deleterious effects of hypoxia on the macrofauna were intensified by negative interspecific relationships such as competition by suitable space and predation. The recolonization of macrofauna depended possibly on local transport by currents within the bay because the connection with the Caribbean Sea is relatively limited. In summary, seasonal hypoxia in Cienfuegos Bay influences the water and sediment geochemistry and reduces both the abundance and diversity of macrofauna.

ResumenLa hipoxia es la disminución del oxígeno disuelto por debajo de 2 mg O2/L. Relativamente pocos estudios sobre la hipoxia y sus efectos en la macrofauna bentónica han sido realizados en ecosistemas marinos tropicales. Este estudio describe la respuesta temporal de la columna de agua, los sedimentos y la macrofauna a la hipoxia estacional en una bahía semicerrada en Cienfuegos, Mar Caribe. La estación de Calisito fue muestreada mensualmente de Junio 2010 a Febrero 2012, resultando en 21 eventos de muestreo. En cada oportunidad se recolectaron muestras de agua y sedimento para la medición de las variables abióticas (temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto, discontinuidad del potencial redox, contenido de limo/arcilla y materia orgánica) y macrofauna (abundancia y riqueza de especies). La temperatura y la salinidad superficial presentaron un patrón temporal típico durante los periodos de verano/ lluvia e invierno/seca. Ocurrió estratificación por salinidad en el periodo lluvioso, que duró tres meses en 2010 y seis en 2011. El oxígeno disuelto de fondo indicó eventos de hipoxia y anoxia durante los periodos lluviosos de 2010 y 2011 asociados con la estratificación de la columna de agua, la hidrodinámica lenta y la oxidación de la materia orgánica acumulada. Esto causó efectos deletéreos en la abundancia y diversidad de la macrofauna. Los poliquetos más abundantes fueron especies oportunistas con alta tolerancia a condiciones hipóxicas: Prionospio steenstrupi, Polydora sp. y Paraprionospio pinnata. La mayoría de estos colonizaron relativamente rápido una vez que terminó la hipoxia. Especies persistentes como Caecum pulchellum y Parvanachis obesa estuvieron presentes durante la hipoxia con densidades fluctuantes y aparentemente recuperaron sus abundancias cuando las condiciones normóxicas fueron re-establecidas. Macoma tenta y Tellina consobrina colonizaron 1-2 meses después que el primer pico de poliquetos durante la normoxia.Probablemente, los efectos deletéreos de la hipoxia en la macrofauna fueron intensificados por relaciones interespecíficas negativas como la competencia por espacio y la depredación. La recolonización de la macrofauna dependió probablemente del transporte local por las corrientes dentro de la bahía pues la conexión con el mar Caribe es relativamente limitada. En resumen, la hipoxia estacional en la bahía de Cienfuegos influencia la geoquímica del agua y los sedimentos y reduce la abundancia y diversidad de la macrofauna.

Ten years of limnological monitoring of a modified natural lake in the tropics: Cote Lake, Costa Rica / Diez años de monitoreo limnológico de un lago natural modificado en los trópicos: el lago Cote, Costa Rica

It is located 650m above sea level along the boundary between the North Caribbean and Pacific slopes, near the Southern end of the volcanic Guanacaste mountain range. In the early 1980s the lake’s main outlet was dammed and the outflow was diverted into Arenal Reservoir. Lake Cote was first studied in 1990-1991, and later in 2001, before it was again modified by raising its dam by one meter to use its outflow for hydroelectricity. From 2002 to 2010 it has been monitored twice a year for changes in its limnology. Here I present a summary of its basic characteristics and an analysis of their changes through time. The lake is discontinuous polymictic, and sometimes develops a thermocline at 6m depth that may last for several days as evidenced by the occasional development of an anoxic layer close to the bottom. Since its modification for hydropower production, the surface water temperature has attained higher values than before. Oxygen levels in the lake show periods of hypoxia to anoxia in the hypolimnion, that have become more frequent since modification. Despite its turbid water, the lake has low levels of nutrient concentrations and of chlorophyll a. The trend in these parameters in recent times is a reduction in chlorophyll a and an increase in water transparency, implying a reduction in primary productivity. These changes are discussed in relationship with anthropogenic factors such as the modification of the lake and its management, changes in landscape around the lake and global climate change. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 567-578. Epub 2014 June 01.

Esta localizado a 650m sobre el nivel del mar en el límite entre las llanuras del Norte y la vertiente del Pacífico en la Cordillera de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Al inicio de la década de 1980 se construyó una represa en el río de desagüe y el caudal de salida fue desviado hacia el Embalse Arenal. Se realizó un primer estudio entre 1990 y 1991, y luego en el año 2001 antes de que se construyera una nueva modificación del lago mediante el levantamiento del nivel de la presa en un metro con el fin de utilizar la descarga para la producción de energía hidroeléctrica. Del 2002 al 2010 se realizó un monitoreo limnológico dos veces al año. Aquí se presenta un análisis de las principales características y de los cambios a través del tiempo. El lago es polimíctico discontinuo y desarrolla una termoclina intermitente a 6m de profundidad, la cual puede perdurar por varios días o semanas a juzgar por el desarrollo de una capa anóxica cercana al fondo. Desde su modificación la temperatura superficial del lago ha alcanzado valores mayores a los reportados con anterioridad. El hipolimnion muestra periodos de hipoxia a anoxia que se han vuelto más frecuentes. A pesar de la turbidez del lago, la concentración de nutrientes y de clorofila a son bajos. La tendencia en tiempos recientes es a una reducción de la clorofila a y un aumento en la trasparencia del agua. Estos cambios son similares a los observados en lagos donde se ha logrado atribuirlos al cambio climático global. También se pueden deber a la modificación del flujo del efluente por la operación intermitente de la planta hidroeléctrica, que favorece la acumulación de calor en la columna de agua. Esto debido a que otros factores, como el cambio en el uso del suelo en los alrededores del lago ocurrieron en la década de 1980, por lo que no se les puede atribuir una influencia en los cambios observados en los últimos 10 años.

Equilíbrio ácido-básico de embriões e pintos de corte em momentos críticos da incubação e submetidos a diferentes períodos de transferência para o nascedouro / Acid-base balance of embryos and broiler chicks in critical moments of incubation and submitted to different periods of transfer to the hatcher

Foram analisados os níveis de pCO2, pO2, pH e HCO3 - de embriões e pintos de corte provenientes de matrizes novas e velhas, nos momentos anteriores à bicagem interna e externa da casca e ao nascimento, submetidos a diferentes períodos de transferência para as condições ambientais dos nascedouros. Os tratamentos foram definidos pela idade da matriz (33 e 63 semanas) e pela transferência para o nascedouro (aos 15, 17 e 19 dias). O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela os três momentos de transferência e a subparcela as duas idades das matrizes. Foram utilizadas seis repetições para cada tratamento, e o embrião ou o pinto foi considerado uma repetição. Os dados normais e homogêneos foram submetidos às análises de variância, e as médias comparadas pelos testes F, de Tukey e SNK. Embriões cujos ovos foram transferidos aos 15 dias para o nascedouro apresentaram melhor equilíbrio ácido-básico durante as fases pré-natal e perinatal. Durante o último terço da incubação, independentemente das diferentes condições ambientais às quais os embriões são submetidos e da idade da matriz, há capacidade de resposta fisiológica que permite uma estabilidade no equilíbrio ácido-básico dos pintos após a eclosão...

We analyzed the levels of pCO2, pO2, pH and HCO3 - in embryos and chicks from young and older breeders, in the moments before internal pipping, external pipping and at hatch and submitted to different periods in the environmental conditions of hatchers. The treatments were defined by breeder age (33 and 63 weeks) and transfer to the hatcher (at 15, 17 and 19 days). The experimental design was split plots with three periods in the hatcher and the plots were the two breeder ages. We used six replicates per treatment and the embryo or chick was considered a repetition. The normal data forms were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by F, Tukey and SNK tests. Embryos transferred at 15 days to the hatcher had better acid-base balance during the pre-and perinatal phases. During the last third of incubation, regardless of the different environmental conditions which the embryos are subjected and breeder age, there is physiological responsiveness that allows for stability in acid-base balance of the chicks after hatching...

O uso de variação da dessaturação de oxigênio como teste ambulatorial para avaliação cardiopulmonar / The use of oxygen desaturation variation as an ambulatory test for cardiopulmonary assessment

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: Dispneia é o termo usado para designar a sensação de dificuldade respiratória. A maioria das queixas de dispneia crônica deve-se à doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e à insuficiência cardíaca. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso da dessaturação de oxigênio, após apneia voluntária, como teste ambulatorial de avaliação cardiopulmonar, e correlacionar a dessaturação de oxigênio com comorbidades e características dos participantes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base ambulatorial. Realizou-se um teste de apneia voluntária de 20 segundos, monitorado por oximetria de pulso, em 132 pacientes do ambulatório de cardiologia e pneumologia da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina. Informações sobre comorbidades prévias e hábitos foram obtidas por meio de questionários e informações de prontuários. Os resultados foram analisados no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 16.0 de forma descritiva e bivariada, com o teste t pareado ou Kruskal-Wallis, quando indicado. RESULTADOS: A dessaturação de oxigênio correlacionou-se significativamente com gênero masculino, aumento de peso, prática de exercício físico e presença de doença pulmonar. Encontrou-se relação estatisticamente significativa entre o valor médio do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo e a média da dessaturação de oxigênio, sendo inversamente proporcional ao volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo. Houve variação significativa da frequência cardíaca e da pressão arterial após teste de apneia. CONCLUSÃO: A medida da dessaturação de oxigênio, por meio do teste de apneia, pode ser útil na avaliação da função pulmonar em pacientes atendidos em emergências e ambulatórios, onde o acesso a exames complementares é restrito. O valor da dessaturação de oxigênio obtido após o teste de apneia pode fornecer uma estimativa do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dyspnea is the term used to designate the sensation of difficulty to breathe. Most of the complaints of chronic dyspnea are due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the use of oxygen desaturation after voluntary apnea, as a test for cardiopulmonary assessment, and correlate the value of oxygen desaturation with comorbidities and characteristics of participants. METHODS: Cross sectional study of ambulatory basis. We conducted a voluntary breathholding test (20 seconds), monitored by pulse oximetry in 132 patients from the cardiology and pulmonary division of the Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina. Information on comorbidities and habits were obtained through questionnaires and medical record information. The results were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16.0 in a bivariate descriptive form, with the paired t test, and Kruskal-Wallis test for abnormal variables. RESULTS: Oxygen desaturation correlated significantly with male gender, weight gain, physical activity and pulmonary disease. A statistically significant relationship was found between the forced expiratory volume in the first second and mean oxygen desaturation, that is inversely proportional to forced expiratory volume in the first second. There was a significant variation in heart rate and blood pressure after the breath-holding test. CONCLUSION: The measure of oxygen desaturation by breath holding test can be useful in patients evaluation in emergency and outpatient's departments, where there is not access to complementary exams for pulmonary function evaluation. The value of oxygen desaturation obtained after the test may provide an estimation of the forced expiratory volume in the first second...

Correlation between the changes of oxidation reduction potential values and postmortem interval of heart blood in rabbits after death / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate correlation between the changes of oxidation reduction potential (ORP) values of heart blood in rabbits after death and postmortem interval (PMI) at different temperatures.@*METHODS@#Forty-eight rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups and sacrificed by air embolism. Blood samples were taken from the right ventricle of each rabbit and stored at different temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C, respectively. Every 4 hours from 0 h to 132 h postmortem, the ORP values of the blood samples were measured at different intervals by PB-21 electrochemical analyzer. The curvilinear regression equation was established by SPSS 17.0 software. The surface equation and 3D surface diagram were established by MATLAB 7.10.0 software.@*RESULTS@#The ORP values at different temperatures of heart blood in rabbits were highly correlated with the PMI. The ORP values rised obviously when the temperature was high and rised slowly when the temperature was low. The surface equation and 3D surface diagram were obtained.@*CONCLUSION@#The surface equation and 3D surface diagram of ORP values and PMI may be used for PMI estimation at different temperatures.

Interspecific variation of the bacterial community structure in the phyllosphere of the three major plant components of mangrove forests

Mangrove forests encompass a group of trees species that inhabit the intertidal zones, where soil is characterized by the high salinity and low availability of oxygen. The phyllosphere of these trees represent the habitat provided on the aboveground parts of plants, supporting in a global scale, a large and complex microbial community. The structure of phyllosphere communities reflects immigration, survival and growth of microbial colonizers, which is influenced by numerous environmental factors in addition to leaf physical and chemical properties. Here, a combination of culture-base methods with PCR-DGGE was applied to test whether local or plant specific factors shape the bacterial community of the phyllosphere from three plant species (Avicenia shaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle), found in two mangroves. The number of bacteria in the phyllosphere of these plants varied between 3.62 x 10(4) in A. schaeriana and 6.26 x 10³ in R. mangle. The results obtained by PCR-DGGE and isolation approaches were congruent and demonstrated that each plant species harbor specific bacterial communities in their leaves surfaces. Moreover, the ordination of environmental factors (mangrove and plant species), by redundancy analysis (RDA), also indicated that the selection exerted by plant species is higher than mangrove location on bacterial communities at phyllosphere.

Impact of upwelling events on the sea water carbonate chemistry and dissolved oxygen concentration in the Gulf of Papagayo (Culebra Bay), Costa Rica: Implications for coral reefs / Impacto de los eventos de surgencia en la química del carbonato del agua de mar y la concentración de oxígeno disuelto en el Golfo de Papagayo (Bahía Culebra), Costa Rica: Implicaciones para los arrecifes de coral

The Gulf of Papagayo, Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is one of the three seasonal upwelling areas of Mesoamerica. In April 2009, a 29-hour experiment was carried out at the pier of the Marina Papagayo, Culebra Bay. We determined sea surface temperature (SST), dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity, pH, and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). The aragonite saturation state (Ωa) as well as the other parameters of the marine carbonate system such as the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the total alkalinity (TA) were calculated based on the measured pH and the pCO2. The entrainment of subsurface waters raised the pCO2 up to 645 µatm. SSTs, dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased form 26.4 to 23.7°C and from 228 to 144 µmol l-1. Ωa dropped down to values of 2.1. Although these changes are assumed to reduce the coral growth, the main reef building coral species within the region (Pocillopora spp. and Pavona clavus) reveal growth rates exceeding those measured at other sites in the eastern tropical Pacific. This implies that the negative impact of upwelling on coral growth might be overcompensated by an enhanced energy supply caused by the high density of food and nutrients and more favorable condition for coral growth during the non-upwelling season.

El Golfo de Papagayo, costa Pacífica de Costa Rica, es una de las tres regiones de afloramiento estacional de Mesoamérica. Las características físicas y químicas del agua que aflora no habían sido estudiadas. Durante 29 horas en Abril 2009, se estudiaron la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM), la concentración de oxígeno disuelto, salinidad, pH y la presión parcial de CO2 (pCO2), en la Marina Papagayo, Bahía Culebra. Con base en las mediciones de pH y pCO2 se calculó el estado de saturación de la aragonita (Ω) y otros parámetros del sistema de carbonatos como lo es el carbono orgánico disuelto (COD) y la alcalinidad total (AT). Los resultados indican que el arrastre por convección del agua sub-superficial durante los eventos de afloramiento aumenta la pCO2 y disminuye la TSM, la concentración de oxígeno disuelto y Ω. Aunque se asume que estas condiciones reducen el crecimiento coralino, las principales especies constructoras de arrecife en la región de Papagayo (Pocillopora spp. y Pavona clavus) tienen las mayores tasas de crecimiento en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental. Esto posiblemente implica que el efecto negativo del afloramiento es compensado por el crecimiento durante la época de no afloramiento.

Cyanobacterial blooms in stratified and destratified eutrophic reservoirs in semi-arid region of Brazil

This study investigated the dynamics of cyanobacteria in two deep, eutrophic reservoirs in a semi-arid region of Brazil during periods of stratification and destratification. Four collections were carried out at each reservoir at two depths at three-month intervals. The following abiotic variables were analyzed: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, water transparency, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, orthophosphate and total nitrogen. Phytoplankton density was quantified for the determination of the biomass of cyanobacteria. The data were analyzed using CCA. Higher mean phytoplankton biomass values (29.8 mm³.L-1) occurred in the period of thermal stratification. A greater similarity in the phytoplankton communities also occurred in this period and was related to the development of cyanobacteria, mainly Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (>3.9 mm³.L-1). During the period of thermal destratification, this species co-dominated the environment with Planktothrix agardhii, Geitlerinema amphibium, Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia tenuissima, as well as with diatoms and phytoflagellates. Environmental instability and competition among algae hindered the establishment of blooms more during the mixture period than during the stratification period. Thermal changes in the water column caused by climatologic events altered other physiochemical conditions of the water, leading to changes in the composition and biomass of the cyanobacterial community in tropical reservoirs.

Este estudo investigou a dinâmica das cianobactérias em dois reservatórios eutróficos e profundos localizados na região semi-árida do Brasil durante períodos de estratificação e desestratificação térmica. Quatro coletas foram feitas em cada reservatório em duas profundidades em intervalo de três meses. As variáveis abióticas analisadas foram: temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, turbidez, transparência da água, fósforo total, fósforo total dissolvido, ortofosfato e nitrogênio total. A densidade do fitoplâncton foi quantificada para a determinação da biomassa de cianobactérias. Os dados foram analisados usando ACC. Elevados valores médios de biomassa fitoplanctônica (29,8 mm³.L-1) ocorreram no período de estratificação. A maior similaridade das comunidades fitoplanctônicas também ocorreu neste período e foi relacionada ao desenvolvimento de cianobactérias, principalmente Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (>3,9 mm³ .L-1). Durante o período de desestratificação térmica, esta espécie co-dominou o ambiente com Planktothrix agardhii, Geitlerinema amphibium, Microcystis aeruginosa e Merismopedia tenuissima, bem como com diatomáceas e fitoflagelados. Instabilidade ambiental e competição entre as algas dificultaram o estabelecimento de blooms durante o período de mistura quando comparado com o período de estratificação. Modificações na condição térmica da coluna d'água, causadas por eventos climatológicos, alteraram as demais condições fisicoquímicas da água e ocasionaram mudanças na composição e biomassa da comunidade de cianobactérias em reservatórios tropicais.

Water quality changes in floodplain lakes due to the Amazon River flood pulse: Lago Grande de Curuaí (Pará) / Mudanças na qualidade da água nos lagos de planície de inundação em função do pulso de inundação do rio Amazonas: lago Grande de Curuaí, Pará

Assurance of water quality for human consumption is essential for public health policies. In the Amazon floodplain, the seasonal water level variation causes periodic flooding of marginal areas that are usually used for settlements, agriculture and livestock. Therefore, the exchange of materials between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem affects the proportion of suspended and dissolved components in water and its physical-chemical characteristics, and consequently the quality of the water used by local people. Following this approach, the aim of this study is to evaluate changes in water quality in Lago Grande de Curuaí floodplain, Óbidos, Pará in response to the flood pulse, during one hydrological year from 2003 to 2004, based on water use classes (according to National Water Agency 357/2005 resolution) using chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen concentration as parameters and the eutrophication index. Ordinary kriging was applied to interpolate chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen and to predict values at non sampled locations. Each location was then classified according to water use acceptable parameters and to Carlson Trophic State Index modified by Toledo to map lake water classes and trophic status. The result showed that Lago Grande de Curuaí floodplain is a supereutrophic system, with levels of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a not suitable for human supply during the receding water phase. These areas are located near the riverine communities, which can cause health problems due to the presence of potentially toxic algae. Therefore, monitoring water quality in Amazon lakes is essential to ensure the availability has appropriate quality for human and animal supplies.

A garantia da qualidade da água para consumo humano é essencial para as políticas de saúde pública. Na planície Amazônica a variação sazonal do nível de água provoca inundações periódicas das áreas marginais que são normalmente utilizadas para os assentamentos humanos, a agricultura e a pecuária. Portanto, a troca de materiais entre os ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos afeta a proporção de componentes em suspensão e dissolvidos na água e suas características físico-químicas, o que, consequentemente, afeta a qualidade da água utilizada pela população local. Seguindo essa abordagem, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as mudanças na qualidade da água na planície de inundação do lago Grande de Curuaí, Óbidos, Pará, em função do pulso de inundação, durante um ano hidrológico de 2003 a 2004, tendo por base tanto as classes de uso da água (de acordo com a Resolução nº 357/2005 da Agência Nacional de Água), usando como parâmetros tanto a concentração de clorofila-a e o oxigênio dissolvido, quanto o índice de eutrofização. Utilizou-se o método de krigagem para interpolar os dados de clorofila-a e de oxigênio dissolvido e inferir os valores em locais não amostrados. Cada região foi então classificada de acordo com parâmetros aceitáveis das classes de uso da água e do índice de estado trófico de Carlson modificado por Toledo para gerar mapas de classes de água e de estado trófico. O resultado mostrou que a planície de inundação do lago Grande de Curuaí é um sistema supereutrófico, com níveis de oxigênio dissolvido e clorofila-a imprópria para o abastecimento humano durante o período de vazante do ciclo hidrológico. A saúde das comunidades ribeirinhas localizadas nas margens da planície está ameaçada pela presença de algas potencialmente tóxicas. Portanto, o monitoramento da qualidade da água em lagos da Amazônia é essencial para garantir a sua disponibilidade com qualidade para o abastecimento humano e de animais.

Effect of different cleansers on the surface of removable partial denture

Removable partial dentures (RPD) demand specific hygienic cleaning and the combination of brushing with immersion in chemical solutions has been the most recommended method for control of biofilm. However, the effect of the cleansers on metallic components has not been widely investigated. This study evaluated the effect of different cleansers on the surface of RPD. Five disc specimens (12 mm x 3 mm metallic disc centered in a 38 x 18 x 4 mm mould filled with resin) were obtained for each experimental situation: 6 solutions [Periogard (PE), Cepacol (CE), Corega Tabs (CT), Medical Interporous (MI), Polident (PO), 0.05 percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and distilled water (DW) control] and 2 Co-Cr alloys [DeguDent (DD) and VeraPDI (VPDI)] were used for each experimental situation. A 180-day immersion was simulated and the measurements of roughness (Ra, µm) of metal and resin were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The surface changes and tarnishes were examined with a scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). In addition, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis was carried out at representative areas. Visually, NaOCl and MI specimens presented surface tarnishes. The roughness of materials was not affected by the solutions (p>0.05). SEM images showed that NaOCl and MI provided surface changes. EDS analysis revealed the presence of oxygen for specimens in contact with both MI and NaOCl solutions, which might suggest that the two solutions promoted the oxidation of the surfaces, thus leading to spot corrosion. Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the NaOCl and MI may not be suitable for cleaning of RPD.

As próteses parciais removíveis (PPR) exigem higienização específica e a associação da escovação com imersão em soluções químicas tem sido o método mais recomendado para controle do biofilme. Entretanto, os efeitos destas soluções não são amplamente reportados em componentes metálicos. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes agentes de higienização na superfície dos componentes de uma PPR. Foram confeccionados 5 espécimes (disco metálico de 12 x 3 mm centralizado em uma tira de resina com 38 x 18 x 4 mm) para cada situação experimental: 6 soluções [Periogard (PE), Cepacol (CE), Corega Tabs (CT), Medical Interporous (MI), Polident (PO), hipoclorito de sódio 0,05 por cento (HS) e água destilada (AD) como controle)] e 2 ligas de cobalto-cromo [DeguDent (DD) e Vera PDI (VPDI)] foram utilizadas para cada situação experimental. Foram simuladas imersões de 180 dias. As aferições de rugosidade (Ra, μm) tanto em porção metálica quanto em resina acrílica termopolimerizável foram submetidos ao ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey. As alterações superficiais e manchas foram examinadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Áreas de interesse foram submetidas à espectrometria por energia dispersiva por raios X (EDS). Visualmente, puderam ser verificadas manchas nas superfícies metálicas quando utilizados HS e MI. A rugosidade dos materiais não foi afetada pelas soluções (p>0,05). As fotomicrografias evidenciaram que HS e MI ocasionaram alterações superficiais. As análises de EDS revelaram a presença de oxigênio nos grupos HS e MI, o que pode sugerir que estas duas soluções causaram oxidação das superfícies, provocando pontos de corrosão. Dentre as limitações do presente estudo, pode-se concluir que estas soluções não são apropriadas para a higienização das PPR.

Spatial changes in the water quality of Itajaí-Açú Fluvial-Estuarine System, Santa Catarina, Brazil

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the spatial variation of the water quality in the Itajaí-Açú River estuary. Seven stations along the estuary were monitored on a weekly basis, from October 2003 to December 2004, plus two stations in tributaries (Itajaí-Mirim River, the main tributary, and one reference station). This monitoring included measurements of salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, nutrients(NH+4,NO3-2,NO-3,PO3-4,H4SiO4) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), total phosphorous and dissolved organic phosphorus (TP and DOP), particulate organic carbon (POC), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and chlorophyll-a (Cla). Multivariate analyses demonstrated the compartmentalization of the system based on the deterioration in water quality and marine influence. Urban development was the main factor responsible for the spatial variation of the monitored variables, resulting in increases in the indicators for organic matter and a progressive decrease in O2. Despite the effect of dilution by marine influence, there was an increase in ammonium, attributed to the influence of the municipal districts of Itajaí and Navegantes, close to the river mouth.

Esse estudo foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar a variação espacial da qualidade de água no Estuário do Rio Itajaí-Açú. Sete estações ao longo do estuário foram monitoradas semanalmente, de outubro de 2003 a dezembro de 2004, além de duas outras estações em tributários (o Rio Itajaí-Mirim, principal tributário e uma estação de referência). Esse monitoramento incluiu medidas de salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, nutrientes (NH+4,NO3-2,NO-3,PO3-4,H4SiO4), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), fósforo total e fósforo orgânico dissolvido (PT e POD), carbono orgânico particulado (COP), material particulado em suspensão (MPS) e clorofila-a. Análises multivariadas demonstraram a compartimentação do sistema em função da deterioração da influência marinha e da qualidade da água. A ocupação urbana foi o principal fator responsável pela variação especial das variáveis monitoradas, resultando em aumentos dos indicadores de matéria orgânica e uma progressiva diminuição no oxigênio dissolvido. Próximo à desembocadura do estuário, mesmo com o efeito de diluição provocado pela intrusão da água marinha, foi observado aumento nas concentrações de amônio, atribuído à influência de municípios de Itajaí e Navegantes.

Condición somática de la almeja Polymesoda solida (Veneroidea: Corbiculidae) durante el periodo lluvioso, enel Parque Natural Isla de Salamanca, Caribe colombiano

Somatic condition of the clam Polymesoda solida (Veneroidea: Corbiculidae) in the rainy season of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean. The estuarine clam Polymesoda solida is the main fishery resource in the Salamanca Island Natural Park. I sampled the clam in three interconnected lagoons (Poza Verde, El Torno and Atascosa) during the rainy period (April to November 2004). Sixty individuals were monthly collected by hand on each lagoon; 30 to analyze two condition indexes (relationship between body and shell weight and between soft dry and wet weight), yield (meat percentage) and length-weight relationships. Maturity of female gonad smears was assessed on the remaining individuals. Measures of salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency and depth, were also taken at the collection places. Increases of the condition indexes occurred when the Magdalena River showed some decreases in its level, especially at Poza Verde and El Torno. The condition indexes were higher at 27-33mm, (range where maturity size was reached). Clams from Poza Verde, the lagoon nearest to the Magdalena River, had the highest values in condition indexes, yield, fresh weight and maturity frequency. Yield was directly correlated to the condition indexes and sexual maturity. The condition index (body weight/shell weight) showed a highest multiple regression coefficient with salinity, pH and transparency (R²=74%), indicating the relevance of the hydrological regime in the regulation of the condition of the organisms. P. solida seems to be more adapted to the lowest salinities of the system (0.0-0.4), corresponding to Poza Verde, where the influence of the Magdalena river is more direct and steady. Additionally, differences found between sites in the assessed variables, emphasize the importance of considering spatial heterogeneity of this kind of lagoon estuaries, and should be taken into account for future fisheries management in the rainy period and conservation of P. solida populations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 131-145. Epub 2010 March 01.

Se evaluó la condición somática de la almeja Polymesoda solida en tres lagunas del Parque Isla de Salamanca (abril a noviembre de 2004), durante el periodo lluvioso. En 60 individuos por laguna, se analizaron mensualmente índices de condición, rendimiento, relación talla-peso y madurez gonadal en fresco. También se midió salinidad, temperatura, pH, oxígeno disuelto, transparencia y profundidad del agua. Los mayores índices de condición coincidieron con descensos en el nivel del río Magdalena, especialmente en Poza Verde y El Torno. Estos índices fueron más altos en tallas entre 27mm y 33mm, donde también se ubicó la talla media de madurez sexual. En Poza Verde, laguna con mayor influencia del río, se presentaron los mayores índices de condición, rendimiento, peso húmedo y frecuencia de madurez, revelando una mejor condición de los organismos. El índice de condición (peso cuerpo/ peso concha) presentó mayor coeficiente de regresión múltiple con la salinidad, pH y transparencia, sugiriendo la importancia del régimen hidrológico en su regulación. Las diferencias espaciales en las variables evaluadas, resaltan la necesidad de tener en cuenta la heterogeneidad de este tipo de estuarios para la conservación y manejo adecuado de la pesquería de P. solida.

Distribución espacio-temporal de variables fisicoquímicas y biológicas en el hábitat del tiburón ballena Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) al norte del Caribe Mexicano

Spatial and temporal distribution of physicochemical features in the habitat of whale shark Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) in the north of Mexican Caribbean. Large groups of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are common in the North Mexican Caribbean and gather between May and September each year. We describe their spatial and temporal distribution, and the physicochemical (temperature, dissolved oxygen, light extinction coefficient and salinity) and biological conditions during the presence and absence seasons of R. typus. A total of 26 sampling stations were monitored to record whale shark sightings and physicochemical variables during 10 field campaigns from April 2005 to March 2006. At each station, zooplankton and water samples, for chlorophyll-a and nutrients determination, were collected. Physicochemical conditions were significantly different between presence-absence seasons (ANOSIM, Rglobal = 0.632). The R. typus season was characterized by low salinity values, and higher temperature, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and inorganic nitrogen concentrations values. Average zooplankton biomass was lower during the absence season, while recorded the maximum values during the presence one. Furthermore, these values were also observed in areas with higher species abundances, supporting the hypothesis that the site is used by R. typus primarily as a foraging area. We conclude that physicochemical conditions of the study area promote the biological productivity, which explains the spatial and temporal variability of R. typus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 399-412. Epub 2010 March 01.

En la zona marina ubicada al norte del Caribe Mexicano se congregan grandes grupos de tiburón ballena (Rhincodon typus) entre mayo y septiembre de cada año. Se describe la variación espacio-temporal de la distribución del tiburón ballena al norte del Caribe mexicano y las condiciones fisicoquímicas y biológicas que prevalecen en la zona durante la temporada de presencia y ausencia de R. typus. De abril de 2005 a marzo de 2006, 26 estaciones de muestreo fueron monitoreadas registrando avistamientos de tiburón ballena y variables fisicoquímicas (temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, coeficiente de extinción de luz y salinidad) en 10 salidas de campo. En cada estación fueron recolectadas muestras zooplancton y de agua para determinación de clorofila-a y nutrientes. Las condiciones fisicoquímicas fueron significativamente diferentes entre temporadas (ANOSIM, Rglobal=0.632). La temporada de presencia de R. typus estuvo caracterizada por valores bajos de salinidad, mayores valores de temperatura y oxígeno disuelto; mayores de nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto y concentraciones de clorofila-a y aunque la biomasa promedio de zooplancton fue menor que en la temporada de ausencia de R. typus, los valores máximos de biomasa zooplanctónica se registraron en el periodo de presencia y en sitios donde se registraron las mayores abundancias de la especie, apoyando la hipótesis de que el sitio es utilizado por la especie principalmente como zona de alimentación. Las condiciones fisicoquímicas de la zona de estudio que favorecen la productividad biológica explican la variabilidad espacial y temporal de R. typus al norte del Caribe Mexicano.

Ejercicio y la detección del mal agudo de montaña grave / Exercise and the detection of severe acute mountain sickness

El mal agudo de montaña (MAM) es un conjunto de síntomas inespecíficos padecidos por sujetos que ascienden rápidamente desde baja a alta altura sin adecuada aclimatación. Usualmente es autolimitado, pero las formas graves (edema pulmonar y cerebral) pueden causar la muerte. La hipoxemia exagerada en reposo está relacionada con el desarrollo de MAM pero su valor predictivo es limitado. Dado que el ejercicio en altura se acompaña de mayor hipoxemia y síntomas, postulamos el valor predictivo de un simple test de ejercicio para pronosticar MAM grave. Se estudió el valor predictivo de la saturación de oxígeno en reposo y ejercicio submáximo a 2.700 m y 4 300 m en 63 sujetos que ascendían al cerro Aconcagua (6 962 m). Se consideró desaturación de oxígeno con ejercicio a una disminución = 5% respecto al reposo. Se utilizó la escala de Lake-Louise para establecer la presencia de MAM grave. Seis sujetos presentaron MAM grave (9.5%) y requirieron evacuación. La saturación de oxígeno en reposo a 2.700 m no fue significativa para clasificar sujetos que luego desarrollaron MAM grave. Por el contrario, la asociación de desaturación durante el ejercicio a 2.700 m más la saturación inapropiada en reposo a 4.300 m fue significativa para clasificar a los sujetos que desarrollaron MAM grave con un valor predictivo positivo de 80% y un valor predictivo negativo del 97%. Nuestros resultados son relevantes para el montañismo y sugieren la adición de un simple test de ejercicio en la predicción del MAM grave.

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a group of non-specific symptoms, seen in subjects that ascend from low to high altitude too quickly, without allowing sufficient time to acclimatize. Usually it is self-limiting, but the severe forms (pulmonary and cerebral edema) can be fatal. Exaggerated hypoxemia at rest is related to later development of AMS but its predictive value is limited. Since exercise at altitude induces greater hypoxemia and symptoms, we postulated the predictive value of a simple exercise test to prognosticate severe AMS. We studied the predictive value of the oxygen saturation during rest and sub-maximum exercise at 2.700 m and 4.300 m in 63 subjects that intended the ascent to Mount Aconcagua (6.962 m). We considered exercise oxygen desaturation to a drop of = 5% respect to the resting value. Lake-Louise Score was used to quantify the presence of severe AMS. Six subjects developed severe AMS (9.5%) and required evacuation. Resting oxygen saturation at 2.700 m was not significant to classify subjects that then developed severe AMS. The association of oxygen desaturation during exercise at 2.700 m plus inappropriate resting oxygen saturation at 4.300 m was significant to classify the subjects that then developed severe AMS with a positive predictive value of 80% and a negative predictive value of 97%. Our results are relevant for mountaineering and suggest the use of a simple exercise test in the prediction of severe AMS.

Desaturation - distance ratio: a new concept for a functional assessment of interstitial lung diseases

INTRODUCTION: The functional evaluation has become increasingly important in the understanding and management of patients with interstitial lung diseases. The cardiopulmonary exercise test and the six-minute walk test (6MWT), through their isolated variables, have been used to do this evaluation, with some limitations. OBJECTIVES: We proposed a new composite index (desaturation distance ratio using continuous peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and the distance walked as a more reliable tool for doing a functional evaluation of these patients. METHODS: 6MWT was performed by interstitial lung diseases patients and controls. Analyzed parameters were walked distance and desaturation area (DAO2), obtained by taking the difference between maximal SpO2 possible (100 percent) and patient's SpO2 every 2 seconds. desaturation distance ratio was calculated using the ratio between DAO2 and distance walked. RESULTS: Forty-nine interstitial lung diseases patients and 11 control subjects completed the protocol. The mean (SD) age was 60 (12) years and 65 (9) years, respectively (p:NS). Data obtained from 6MWT showed a significant statistical difference between interstitial lung diseases patients and controls: mean walked distance (430 and 602 meters, respectively); SpO2 minimal maintained at least 10 seconds - SpO2 min (85 percent and 94 percent, respectively), and median desaturation distance ratio (10 and 2.5, respectively). A correlation analysis, considering interstitial lung diseases patients, revealed the best correlation between desaturation distance ratio and DLco (r= - 0.72; p<0.001), being the correlation between SpO2 min and DLco of 0.61 (p<0.001) and among walked distance and DLco of 0.58 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Desaturation distance ratio is a promising concept and a more reliable physiologic tool to assess pulmonary diseases characterized by involvement of the alveolar-capillary membrane, such as interstitial lung diseases.

Evaluación de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda / Evaluation of non-invasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure

Antecedentes: Existe evidencia que avala la utilidad de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) en el manejo de la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA), no obstante, la definición de variables que permitan predecir el éxito o fracaso de este recurso terapéutico es controversial. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento de parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio en relación con el éxito o fracaso de la VMNI en pacientes con IRA. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte descriptivo que incluye pacientes consecutivos que cumplieron con criterios de conexión a VMNI e ingresaron a la UPC de Clínica Alemana de Santiago entre marzo de 2005 y julio de 2007. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos, aquellos que fracasan con VMNI y requirieron intubación, grupo fracaso (GF) y los que no la requirieron, grupo éxito (GE). Se registraron variables demográficas, APACHE II, diagnóstico de ingreso. La mecánica respiratoria, gasometría arterial y hemodinámica se obtuvieron en tres momentos de la evolución evolución: previo a la conexión, a las dos horas y al término del uso de VMNI (preintubación y destete de VMNI). Resultados: De los 132 pacientes incluidos se logró evitar la intubación en 99 de ellos (75 por ciento), 33 fueron intubados (25 por ciento), de los cuales 1 falleció. El pH fue menor en el GF (7,42+/-0,06 v/s 7,39+/-0,08; p =0,04). La saturación de oxígeno por pulsioximetría (SpO2) también fue menor en el GF tanto a las dos horas (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p=0,01) como al final del uso de VMNI (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p =0,04). La PaO2/FiO2 fue menor en el mismo grupo, en los tres momentos de medición: previo a la conexión (196+/-66 v/s 144+/-59; p =0,001), a las dos horas (223+/-92 v/s 179+/-88;p =0,022) y al término del uso de VMNI (252+/-78 v/s 208+/-104; p =0,021). Al final del uso de VMNI, tanto la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) (86+/-16 v/s 94+/-20; p =0,03) como el nivel de IPAP (12+/-2 v/s 13+/-3; p =0,02) fueron mayores en el GF. Conclusiones: El GF muestra..

Background: There is evidence supporting the benefits of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF), however, the role of different variables in the evaluation of this technique’s success are controversial. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the different clinical parameters and relate them with the success and failure of NIV in patients with ARF. Methodology: Prospective study of descriptive cohort that includes consecutive patients who fulfilled criteria of connection to NIV and entered to the ICU (Intensive Care Unit)of Clínica Alemana de Santiago between March of 2005 to July 2007. These patients were divided into two groups, those presenting failure with NIV and required intubation, failure group (GF) and those that did not require it, success sgroup (GE). The demographic registered variables measured were APACHE II, diagnosis of entrance were registered. The respiratory mechanics, arterial gasometry and haemodynamics were obtained at three moments of the evolution: previous to the connection, the two hours and at the end of the use of NIV (pre-intubation and weaning of NIV). Results: From the 132 patients included, intubation was avoided in 99 of them (75 percent) 33 percent were entubated from which only 1 died. The pH was lower in the FG (7.42 +/- 0.06v/s 7.39 +/- 0.08; p = 0.04). The oxygen saturation by pulsometry (SpO2), was also lower in the GF after two hours (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p =0.01) and at the end of NIV use (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p =0.04). The PaO2/FiO2 was lower in the same group, at the three moments of measurement: previous to the connection (196+/-66 v/s 144+/-59; p =0.001), two hours post connection (223+/-92 v/s 179+/-88; p =0.022) and at the end of the NIV use (252+/-78 v/s 208+/-104; p =0.021). At the end of the NIV use both, the cardiac frequency (FC) (86+/-16 v/s94+/-20; p =0.03) and the IPAP level (12+/-2 v/s 13+/-3; p=0.02)...